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Tuesday 24 November 2009
PALAKKAD
Palghat or Palakkad is one of the fourteen revenue districts of Kerala. Its geographical position, historical background, rural nature, educational status, tourist attractions and above all, the developmental activities are wide and varied.
This district, situated almost in the centre of the State, has no coastal line. The district opens the State to the rest of the country through the Palakkad gap. This 32 to 42 km. wide natural gap in the 960 km. long Western Ghats, is perhaps the most influential factor for the unique characteristics of the district such as climate, commercial as well as cultural exchanges between the State and the rest of the country. Palakkad witnessed invasions of historical importance that have left indelible impressions on the history of Kerala. Bharathapuzha, the longest river in Kerala, originates form the highlands and flows through the entire district. Forests, numerous streams, several dams and the gardens have made this district a tourist paradise.
The district is one of the main granaries of Kerala and its economy is primarily agricultural. Agriculture engages more than 65 per cent of the workers and 88.9 per cent of the district’s population is rural in nature. The proximity and easy approach to Tamil Nadu have caused the admixture of Malayalam and Tamil culture, here.
This district is perhaps the foremost in fostering Carnatic music. Great musicians like Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar and Palakkad Mani Iyer, who have enriched carnatic music by their contributions, hailed from this district.
BAREFACTS
District Palakkad
Area ( in sq.km.) 4480
Population 2,617,072
Males 1,265,794
Females 1,351,278
Sex ratio : Females/1000 1068
Density of Population 584
Per Capita Income (in Rs) 18031
Literacy rate 84.31%; Male 89.73%; Female 79.31%
Coastal line in km. Nil
Water bodied area in ha. 10,920
Forest area in ha. 136257
Assembly Constituencies
1. Thrithala
2. Pattambi
3. Ottappalam
4. Sreekrishnapuram
5. Malampuzha
6. Palakkad
7. Mannarkkad
8. Chittor
9. Kollankode
10. Kuzhalmandam
11. Alathur
RELIGION DATA 2001 CENSUS
Religion Persons Presentage
Hindus 1802766 68.8741
Muslims 703596 26.8806
Christians 109249 4.1738
Buddhists 113 0.0043
Jains 60 0.0023
Sikhs 232 0.0089
Others 206 0.0079
Religion not stated 1260 0.0481
Taluks Head Quarters No. of Villages
Palakkad Palakkad 30
Chittoor Chittoor 31
Alathoor Alathoor 29
Mannarkkad Mannarkkad 25
Ottappalam Ottapalam 41
WEATHER
Monthly rainfall (m.m)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rainfall 0.1 29.3 205 85.3 43.1 508.2 290.6 464.3 160.1 13.7 82.7 34.4
Temperature
Max : 33.3 35.5 37.5 36.6 33.6 29.7 28.1 28.7 30.4 31.2 32.1 32.1
Mini : 21.7 22.6 24.1 25.1 24.6 23.2 22.2 22.9 23 23.2 22.9 22.1
Relative Humidity
Max : 69 67 70 78 81 89 92 91 88 85 78 72
Mini : 19.4 17.9 20.5 27.5 27.5 28.3 28.7 28 28.1 28.1 25.9 21.8
Source : Meteorological Centre, Thiruvananthapuram
Live stock Population (1996 Census)
Cattle Buffaloes Goats Sheep Pigs
363338 35693 162488 490 2239
Live stock Population (1996 Census)
Cattle Buffaloes Goats Sheep Pigs
363338 35693 162488 490 2239
Major Agricultural Products
Products Area under cultivation (ha.) Production in tonne
Rice 120809 262494
Sugarcane 2488 18137
Pepper 4231 518
Ginger 1198 4243
Cardamom 2949 190
Cashewnut 5750 2069
Tapioca 7272 148991
Coconut 48929 237 million
Arecanut 3623 2854
Tea 829 2293
Coffee 4650 2050
Rubber 28125 28076
(Source : Farm Guide 2000)
Local Self Government
District Panchayats 1
Block Panchayats 13
Grama Panchayats 89
Educational Institutions
Schools
Schools Govt. Private Aided Private Unaided Total
L P School 186 350 9 545
U P School 64 159 13 236
High School 58 77 15 150
Higher Secondary Schools 34 17- 55
Vocational H.S.S. 17 7 - 24
Arts and Science Colleges
Government Private Unaided
3 7
Professional Colleges
Type of Institutions Number
Engineering College 1
Poly Technics 3
Training College 1
Music College 1
I.T.I. 1
I.T.C. 12
T.T.I. 7
Health (Hospitals)
Allopathy Ayurveda Homeopathy
Hospitals 112 5 1
Beds 2208 140 25
Industries and Infrastructure
No. of registered working factories 2004 No. of SSI Units 1647
Roads (Distribution of P W D Roads (in kms) as on 01.04.2000
State Highways Major Districts Roads Other Districts Roads Village Roads Total
431.039 794.026 436.910 42.390 1704.365
Vehicles registered and its classification
Goods Vehicles Buses Cars Taxis Jeeps Auto Rickshaw Two Wheelers Others Total
11073 3457 10835 5047 2997 12038 61127 5639 112213
Communication
No. of Post Offices No. of Telephone Exchanges
453 83
HISTORY
Historical too, Palakkad district has its own special characteristics. The fort of Hyder Ali tells us the story of Mysore invasions and the advent of the British to this part of the country. The Victoria College, started in 1866, marks the beginning of higher education in Malabar. The Jain temple near Chunnamputhara speaks of the magnanimity of the King of Palakkad who provided shelter to the people who escaped the religious persecutions of the King of Mysore, five hundred years ago.
The ancient history of Palakkad is shrouded. According to William Logan, the author of the Malabar Manual, the Pallava dynasty of Kanchi might have invaded Malabar in the second or third century. One of their headquarters was a palace called Palakadu which could be the present-day Palakkad. Malabar had been invaded by many of the ancient South Indian rulers. For many centuries, it was ruled by the Perumals. They had under them some powerful Utayavars who held authority in their own respective territories. After the rule of the Perumals, the country was divided among these chieftains. The Valluvakonathiri (ruler of Valluvanad), the rulers of Vengunad (Kollengodu Rajas) and Sekhari Varma (Raja of Palakkad) were the prominent rulers of this region, after the Perumals.
When the Zamorin of Kozhikkode invaded Palakkad in 1757, the Raja of Palakkad sought the help of Hyder Ali of Mysore.Hyder Ali’s help forced the Zamorin to retreat. Later Hyder Ali subjugated all territories in Palakkad which were under the possession of Zamorin. Thus the whole area possessed by the Raja of Palakkad passed in to the hands of the Mysore rules - Hyder Ali and his son, Tippu Sultan. The war between Tippu and the East India Company ended with the treaty of 1872 and all the possessions of Tippu in Malabar were ceded to the British. Gradually these formed part of the Malabar district of the Madras Presidency.
PHYSICAL FEATURES
Based on the physical features, the district is divided into two natural divisions-midland and highland. The midland region consists of valleys and plains.
It leads up to the highland which consists of high mountain peaks, long spurs, extensive ravines, dense forests and tangled jungles. While Ottappalam taluk lies completely in the midland region, all other taluks in the district lie in the midland and highland regions. The road and rail links between Kerala and Tamil Nadu pass through the Palakkad gap.
The Western Ghats has an average altitude of 5000ft. except for two peaks of more than 6000ft. The important peaks above an altitude of 4000ft. - are Anginda peak (7628 ft.), Karimala peak (6556 ft.), Nellikotta or Padagiri peak (5200ft.) and Karemala Gopuram (4721 ft.).
TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
Palakkad district lies between north latitude 10° 46` and 10° 59` and east longitude 76° 28` and 76° 39`. It is bounded on the east by the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, on the north and northwest by Malappuram district and on the south by Thrissur district.
The climate of the district is tropical. The obvious fact which strikes an observer, according to William Logan, is the uniformity of temperature in the Malabar area. During dry weather, hot winds blow form the bringing plains of Coimbatore through the Palakkad gap. Palakkad district has uniform rainfall as well.
POPULATION
The total population of the district according to 2001 census is 2,617,072 of which the male population is 1,265,794 and female population is 1,351,278. The density of population is 584 per sq.km.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
As in any other part of the State, the social and economic status of the people in the district is undergoing changes. The breaking up of the joint family system and the increasing partition of old tharavads have led to the disappearance of the importance of high-cast Hindus in the society. A survey of the social and economic scene shows that the values based on caste and land have been replaced in recent times by those of education, employment, trade, commerce and industry.
ADMINISTRATION
The present Palakkad district, as an administrative unit, was formed on the first of January 1957, comprising of Palakkad, Perinthalmanna, Ponnani, Ottappalam, Alathur and Chittur.
When the Malappuram district was formed on the 16th June 1969, Ponnani taluk excluding Thrithala firka and the villages of Vadakkekad, Punnayur and Punnayurkulam and Perinthalmanna taluk consisting of Manarkad firka and Perinthalmanna firka excluding Karikadamkunnu and Chethalloor amsoms were transferred to Malappuram district. A new taluk, namely Mannarghat, was formed by grouping 19 village of the erstwhile Perinthalmanna taluk. While retaining the Thrithala firka with Ottappalam taluk, the villages of Vadakkekad, Punnayur and Punnayurkulam were brought under Chowghat taluk of Thrissur district. The Paradur village of Tirur taluk was added to Ottappalam taluk. Recently some portion of Karvarakund village of Malappuram district were also added to Palakkad.
At present the Palakkad district consists of two revenue divisions, five taluk and 145 villages. The revenue divisions are Palakkad and Ottappalam, Palakkad, Alathur and Chittur taluks form the Palakkad revenue division and Ottappalam and Mannarghat taluks from the Ottappalam revenue division. There are thirteen development block and 89 panchayats in the district. The total area of the district is 4480 sq. km.
MORE ON PALAKKAD
How to reach
Air: The nearest airport is Coimbatore, 55 km. from Palakkad..
Rail: There are two railway stations here. The main one is the Palakkad junction situated 5 km. from the city and other at the town.
Train Timings (Enquiry Ph : 2555231)
From Palakkad town station
Coimbatore: 07.30, 9.10, 11.45, 18.10
Madurai: 23.02
Pollachi: 23.02
Rameswaram: 23.02 (Via Palani, Madurai, Trichy)
From Palakkad junction
Bangalore: 11:20, 18:20, 22:50, 23:05, 23:30
Bokaro: 10.40
Mumbai: 11:20, 16:35, 23:30
Chennai: 05:15, 10:40, 13:15, 20:00, 20:25, 20:45, 20:50, 22:10, 23:05
Coimbatore: 00:50, 01:45, 05:15, 10:40, 13:15, 15:20, 16:35, 18:20, 19:00, 20:45, 20:50, 21:45, 23:05, 23:30
Ernakulam: 00:50, 01:50, 02:25, 03:45, 04:10, 05:05, 06:15, 07:10, 10:05, 11:25, 13:50, 14:35, 14:50, 21:45, 22:40
New Delhi: 19:00, 21:45, 23:05
Thiruvananthapuram: 02:25, 03:45, 04:10, 06:15, 07:10, 10:05, 11:25, 13:50, 14:50, 21:45, 22:40
Road: Palakkad is connected by good motorable roads with major centres of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Bus Timings
From KSRTC Bus stand (Ph : 2520098)
Coimbatore: Frequent buses (1hr)
Ernakulam: Frequent buses (4hrs)
Hosur: 22.25
Madurai: 09.15, 10.20, 22.10
Ooty: 2.30, 13.30 ( 5hrs )
Thiruvananthapuram: Frequent buses(9hrs)
From Muncipal Bus stand
Kozhikode: Frequent buses
Mannarkkat: Frequent buses (For Silent Valley)
Palani: 09.45, 18.45
Pollachi: Every one hour
(For Parambikulam)
Buses to Guruvayoor, Thrissur, Malampuzha and other places are operated from Town bus stand. Thiruvalluvar Transport Corporation of Government of Tamil Nadu is also operating several buses to various centres in Tamil Nadu from the K.S.R.T.C. bus stand.
Tourism HOME
PLACES OF TOURIST INTEREST
Palakkad, which lies at the foot of the Western Ghats, the dreamy land of misty monuments with its ever green tropical forests, dams, wild life sanctuaries, rivers, rare birds and animals, historical monuments, places of worship and traditional Ayurvedic treatment centres, has tremendous scope and immense potential to become one of the best tourist destinations in the country.The district is gifted with the beauty of virgin and verdant Nelliampathy hills,the precious and unique Silent Valley National Park, the famous Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, Attappady hills and more than half a dozen dams like Malampuzha, Mangalam, Pothundi, Kanjirapuzha, Siruvani and Parambikulam..
Nelliampathy : Nelliampathy Hills are extremely fascinating and offer an easy escape from the soorching summer of Palakkad.About 75 kms from Palakkad is this cool hill resort. The height of the hills ranges from 467 metres to 1572 metres.It has immense trekking potential.Seethargundu, at Nelliampathy offers a fantastic view of the valley below, a wide angled panoramic picture of about one third of Palakkad, beautiful and resembling the Green Valley of
Kodaikanal.The total area is about 82 sq.kms.The highest peak in the range is Nellikotta, also called Padagiri.It is 1585.08 metres above sea level.The other major peaks are Vellachimudi, Valiyavana,Mayanmudi and Vela Vanchan, each about 1200 metres high. The annual average rainfall in the area is 4.244 mm.The temperature varies between 15’ C in December and 30C in April, the mean temperature being 22’C.The Pothundi reservoir glints in the distance like sapphire in a sea of emerald.The 1000 metre high waterfall is one of the major attractions. Seethargundu got its name from the legend that Sita Devi, during the vanavasa period with Sri Rama, took a bath here.During Deepavali, a large number of devotees gather here.
Malampuzha : Malampuzha Garden is the Vrindavan of Kerala.Malampuzha exudes the charm of the harmony of nature a perfect synchronization of the grandeur of the mountains blending with the serenely of rivers. It is 12 kms from Palakkad.There are lush green lawns, Innumerable flower beds glittering pools, fountains and avenues.There is a fresh water aquarium.A snake park and a children’s park with a toy train, which await the pleasure and delight of children.The reservoir is ideal for boating and fishing.The Garden House has a unit of water ports.A small garden in the Japanese style gives a touch of exotic charm to the landscape. So does the hanging bridge across the river.Another items of interest in the part is the imposing concrete sculpture of YAKSHI, done by the renowned Kanai Kunhiraman. The Passenger ROPEWAY, the first of its kind in South India, offers adventurous and delightful air journey of 20minutes across the gardens, giving a soul string view of the gardens, the distant hills that kiss the heavens and the blue strip of the reservoir. There is a ROAD TRAIN for amusement ride on wheels.In the vast expanse of the Malampuzha Garden and its visinity.. There is a TELESCOPIC TOWER in the garden providing a terrestrial view upto 40 miles.The first ROCKGARDEN emerged from the Master creator Padmashree Nek Chand of Chandigarh, in South India is at Malampuzha.Modeled after AppuGhar of Delhi and Essel World of Bombay the first Amusement Park of Kerala named FANTASYPARK is at Malampuzha.The Park has modern thrilling Rides over 8 acres plot landscaped beautifully with Garden and Fountains.
Pothundy : Pothundy is 38 kms south of Palakkad town.An irrigation project was commissioned here in 1968 with an estimated cost of Rs.234.25 lakhs, consisting of an earthen dam with a spillway section across the tributaries of AyalureRiver.Its 10 kms right bank canal ad 8 kms left bank canal irrigate an area of 5465 hectares in Chittur and Alathur Taluks.The project also provides water supply to Nemmara and Ayalure Villages.
Ottappalam : This was the centre of political as well as tenant movements in South Malabar of the erstwhile Malabar province of Madras Presidency.The festival at Chathan Kandar Kavu is very famous one in Ottappalam.The legend goes that the temple was built by the local Kanjoor Namboodiri family at a place where a scheduled caste person called Chathan found a stone bleeding while he was sharpening his knife on it. The deity of this templeis Durga.The annual festival is Talapolli which is celebrated on Avitam day n Meenam. Nercha festival in the Ottappalam mosque attracts the local Muslims in large numbers.It is said that a saintly person by name Uthaman Auliya had lived and dies at this place.An annual festival is held at this mosque on his death anniversary.
SilentValley : The SilentValley National Park, with an area of 90 sq.kms, is situated in the north eastern corner of the district.It rises abruptly to the Nilgiri Plateau in the north and overlooks the plains of Mannarkkad in the south.The river Kundhi descends from the Nilgiri hills above, a altitude of 2000 meters traverses the entire length of the valleys and rushes down to the plains through a deep gorge.River Kunthi never turns brown, it is crystal clear, perennial and wild.The SilentValley National Park, is probably one of the most magnificent gift of nature to mankind, a unique preserve of tropical rain forests in all its pristine glory with an almost unbroken ecological history.Thanks largely to its difficult terrain and remoteness the extent of degradation is minimum comparison with other sanctuaries. There is a huge wild tree of Kattualying variety.It is hollow within and can hide at least 12 people in it.
Mangalam : Located 48 kms south of Palakkad town, Mangalam is mainly occupied by settlers from other parts of the State.Mangalam dam is located near the NH 47 about 14 kms. South of Vadakkencherry village.The dam is constructed across Cherukunnapuzha a tributary of MangalamRiver.It is located in picturesque surroundings.The reservoir fringes on the forest area where there are deer, wild elephants and a variety of birds.There are beautiful parks and lawns adorned with statues.
Siruvani : The Siruvani Project is in Sholayur Panchayath.The dam constructed across the River Siruvani, is for supplying drinking water to Coimbatore Corporation of Tamilnadu. The dam is surrounded by reserve forests.The distance from Edakkurissi to Siruvani Dam is 22 kms.The scenic beauty of Siruvani is simply enchanting.Muthikulam hill is situated on the eastern side of the dam.There is a natural water fall in the hill.
Meenkara : Meenkara Chulliar is a fascinating spot by virtue of the dam, garden, fish ponds and natural beauty.It is 32 kms.south east of PalakkadTown.This Dam is built in the river Gayathri which flows into Bharathapuzha.
Dhoni : Dhoni is a reserve forest area, 15 kms from Palakkad town.The forest has among other captivating signs, a small but spendid waterfall.The site can be reached after a fairly long climb of 3 hours from the base of Dhoni Hills.
Parambikulam : Parambikulam wild life sanctuary extends over an area of 280 sq.kms.It is 110 kmsaway from Palakkad via. Pollachi.The oldest and highest teak tree “Kannimari Teak”is situated here.Three Dams were constructed on the hill top.They are Paruvarippallom,Thunakadavu, and Parambikulam. for the irrigation of Pollachi Taluk of Tamilnadu and Chittur Taluk of Palakkad District.It is the place which is famous for teak plantations.Boat cruises is provided in the Parambikulam Reservoir.The Rest Houses of the State Forest Department at Thunakadavu, Thellikkal and Elanthode and a tree house in Thoonakkadavu offer lodging facilities.The Giant Kannimari Teak and the wild animals in the forest area are a sight to dream of.
Kanjirapuzha : Kanjirapuzha Dam is situated about 38 kms. from Palakkad.The water spread of the dam lies in a single stretch.An evergreen forest, by name ‘Vettilachola’ is immediately beyond the reservoir which is surrounded by hills and during rainy season, the mountain will be covered with mist.All this makes the area extremely beautiful and picturesque. There are three islands in the reservoir with plenty of fish (including commercial varieties) grown by the Fisheries Department.
J.P.Smrithi Vanam : Loknayak J.P.Smrithi Vanam and Deer Park is in an extent of 100 acres of reserve forest at Walayar in the border of Kerala and Tamilnadu on theside of N.H.47. Deers and other animals move freely in this park.Facilities for elephant ride is provided.The distance from Palakkad town is 22 kms.
Mayiladumpara – Peacock Sanctuary : Myladumpara Choolannur Peacock Sanctuary is 30 kms. away from Palakkad.It is well known as a grove abounding in Peacocks.
Palakkad Fort : Palakkad Fort, situated in the PalakkadTown, is the most beautiful and best preserved forts in Karala.The sober silence of the granite wall reminds the old tales of valour and courage.It was constructed in 1766 by Hyder Ali of Mysore andhis son Tippu Sulthan.In 1790 the fort was taken over and re-modified by the British East India Company. The fort is protected by the Archeological Survey of India. Martyr’s Column, Open Air Auditorium called “Rappadi” and Tourism Information Centre of District Tourism Promotion Council are there in the spacious Fort Maidan.The Children’s Part and ‘VATIKA’ are just on the side of the Fort.The fort was situated in the middle of Palakkad Gap with an area of 15 acres.
Kottayi : It is 15 kms away from Palakkad. Kottayi is the native place of the Late Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar, the doyen of Karnatic Music.
Mennvallom : There are 10steps of Water falls at Meenvallom, the originating point of ThuppanaduRiver.The height of the falls varies from5 to 45 metres.The distance from Palakkad is 37 kms.
Attappadi : Attappady is a tribalabode.Irular, Mudugar and Kurumbar are the main tribal groups.They live in forest in closely built huts called ‘Ooru’ (hamlets)Government have constructed someconcreteprogrammestoupliftthetribals.The Intensive Tribal Development Project,Attappady implementing the tribal development schemes.
Thunchan Gurumadom : Across the lush green fields, two kms. from ChitturTown on the banks of river Sokanasini an old building where Thunchathu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan, regarded as the father of Malayalam Language, lived in the 16th Century.People call it Gurumadom and it is here that he translated the two great Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharatha, for the common people.At the Gurumadomone Srichakra and a few idols worshipped by himthe stylus the wooden slippers (Padukom) and a few old manuscripts are exhibited.It is on Vijayadasami day that the memorial gets the maximum number of visitors with hundreds of children brought here for a ritualistic initiation into learning.
Kunchan Smarakom : Kalakkathu Kunchan Nambiar represents an age and its culture in the field of Malayalam literature.He was the native of Killikkurissimangalam in Palakkad.Now, the Kunchan Smarakom is a national monument and is being governed by a Committee appointed by the Government.A three year course on Ottan Thullal, Seethankan Thullal and Parayan Thullal was started with the help of artists attached to this monuments.Every year May 5this celebrated as Thunchan Day.A library and an Auditorium are attached to this monuments.
There are so many other tourist centres are also here. Important of them are Sree RamaTemple and the Spring at Thenari, the KattilmadomTemple, Ruins of a mud fort near Chalissery etc..
FOLK ARTS
Kanniyarkali is exclusively a Nair Art confirmed to the district of Palakkad.This is directly connected with the Karnaki Cult of South India.
Pavakkoothu is also known as Tholpavakoothu.This shadow play proclaims Palakkad’s indebtedness toKamba Ramayanam and its Tamil literacy culture.
Cattle Race (Kala Poottu) is an enthusiastic rural sports.A pair of Oxen are raced at a time through ploughed fields with water.Kalavandiyottam and Cattle Race are also a kind of sports of the season.This Agricultural sports is held in the Malayalam month of Makaram in Palakkad District.
ECOTOURISM IN PALAKKAD
(1)SILENT VALLEY NATIONAL PARK
The core of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the Silent Valley National Park is probably one of the most magnificent gifts of nature of mankind, a unique preserve of tropical rain forests in all the pristine glorywith an almost unbrokenecological history.Thanks largely to its difficult terrain and remoteness, the extent of degradation is minimal in comparison with other sanctuaries.
Sairandhri Vanam, meaning the forest in the valley as referred to in the Mahabharatha and the River Kunthi give a mythological dimension to the National Park.The SilentValley is seldom silent but it has an inexplicably unique about it, what with the dense forest, the music of the birds and as quiet majesty.
With an area of close to 90 sq. kms. The park is situated in the5 north-eastern corner of the Palakkad District.It rises abruptly to the Nilgiri plateau in the north and overlooks the plains of Mannarkkad in the south.The river Kundhidescendsfrom the Nilgiri hills above an altitude of 2000 m. and traverses the entire length of the valley finally rushing down to the plains through a deep gorge.River Kunthinever turns brown, it is crystal clear, perennial and wild.
Flora: The forests belong to the biogeophical class of the Malabar rain forests and harbor about 1000 species of plants.The flowering plants here include 966 species belonging to 134 families and 599 genera.The dicotyledons are 701 in number, distributed among 113 families and 430 genera, monocotyledons are 265 distributed among 21 families and 139 genera.The 5 dominant families recorded from SilentValley are in three varieties.
Fauna: The valley has a fair representation of all peninsular mammals.They are lion-tailed macaque, Niliri languor, boned macaque, tiger, leopard (panther), leopard cat, jingle cat, fishing cat, common palm civet, small Indian civet, brown palm civet, ruddy mongoose, stripe necked mongoose, wild dogs, sloth bear, other flying squirrel, Malabar giant squirrel, Indian pangolin (scaly anteater), porcupine, wild boar, sambar, spotted deer barking deer, mouse deer, gaur and elephant.
Birds include rare species such as Indian black-crested baza, bondles hawk eagle, rufous bellied hawk eagle, shaheen falcon, short eared owl, peninsular scope owl, Ceylon frog mouth, great Indian hornbill, Nilgiri laughing thrush, house martin, rufous belliedshortwing, Malay bittern etc., About 170 species have been recorded of which 31 are migrants.The fauna include a number of possible new species, a few very primitive animal groups, notably Ceaciliansand some rare small mammals such as the Peshwa’sbat and heavy winged bat.Butterflies and moths are varied and plenty.There are more than 100 species of butterflies and 400 species of moths.Quite a few of them are extremely rare and endemic.
The SilentValley is a veritable treasure house-a gene pool of tropical flora and fauna.This has to be protected from human depredation cherished for all times to come.Tropical evergreen forests occurring within a narrow strip above the equator is perhaps the most endangerednatural habitat,Extremely fraggle, it has suffered most from human interaction .In species diversity habitat and has developed in areas of the heaviest rain fall.That there is very little soil erosion and that the rains are transformed into perennial streams and rivers may be attributed to thick canopy and closely packed tree stumps.In fact scarcity of water is rarely felt.The evapotranspiration from these forests is much higher than from any other f\surface.This cools theatmosphere helping easy condensation of water vapor.This is the origin of the much-awaited summer rains.Wild fires lead to abrupt changes in the eco system degrading the forest.When the Britishers entered the SilentValley more than a century ago, these forests were untouched and extended enormously on all sides.They named it the SilentValley because there were no cycads then.Todayhowever, true evergreen forests untouched by man is only a dream. Unlike in most other sanctuaries viewing the wild animals in this park is quite difficult because of the thick vegetation.
2. PARAMBIKULAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY.
Tucked away in the valley between the AnamalaiRanges of Tamil Nadu and the NelliampathyRanges of Kerala on the majestic Western Ghats is the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, a fine example of serene, tranquil and undisturbed eco system. Situated in Palakkad district, it was originally a small tract of reserve forest of 48 sq.kms. However, owing to growing wildlife needs, it was expanded in 1962, and today it is a vast expanse of greenery of 285 sq.kms in area.
Ideally suited to the growth of teak, the tract encouraged large scale teak plantations through artificial regeneration in the early 20’s. this was, however, abandoned when a full-fledged Wildlife department was formed in 1985. 9000 ha of teak plantations in the sanctuary are being managed in such a way as to restore the forest’s original status. A giant teak tree 40m high and 6.4m in girth is a standing monument of the past aptly named ‘Kannimaram’.
Topography. Several streams originate from the hill ranges and flow down westward to join the river Chalakudi. The terrain is most undulating with a valley in the basin. The karimala Gopuram is the highest peak (1444m). The average elevation is about 600m.
Climate.The sanctuary receives much heavier rains between June and August. The eastern part of the sanctuary receives more rain in October-November. Temperature drops substantially and mist envelopes the sanctuary in the morning hours.
Dams and Lakes. Three dams have been built by the Tamil Nadu Government under the Parambikulam-Aliyar Project. The reservoir harbours several kinds of aquatic fauna.
Forest types. Natural forests are classified as follows;
1. West coast tropical evergreen forests.
2. West coast semi evergreen forests.
3. South Indian moist deciduous forests.
4. South Indian dry deciduous forests.
5. Moist bamboo brakes.
6. Reed brakes.
Tropical Evergreen Forests. (Area 50 sq.kms approximately)
A wide variety of treesgrow here. The top canopy consists of Pali, Punna, Nangu, Vediplavu, Kalpine, Aini, Kambakam, Vellapine, Vellagil, Pathiri, Nedunar, etc.
Lower canopy predominantly consists of Vetti, Kara, Nasagam, Marotti, Kurukutti, Cheru, Mullialvu etc. Undergrowth comprises Antidesma, Calamus, Glycosmis, Lxora species, etc.
Semi-Evergreen Forests. (extent 30 sq kms)
Both evergreen and moist deciduous species are found in these areas.
Moist deciduous forests. (extent 70 kms)
Top Canopy : Manjakadambu, Vaka, Pala, Elavu, Vembu, Rosewood, Aval, Venteak, Venga, Teak, Maruthi, Pathiri, etc.
Lower Canopy: Arampuli, Pezhu, Konna, Kodapunna, Murukku, Kanjiram, Bamboos, etc.
Southern Dry Deciduous Forests. (extent 15 sq.kms)
Top Canopy: Teak, Vengal, Muzhukanjiram, Maruthi, Vaka, Mulluvenga, Rosewood, etc.
Middle & Lower Canopy : Veppu (Neem) Manja-nathi Sandal, etc. with moi-stpatches of Dendrocala – mus and Bamboosa arun – dinacea.Undergrowth is chiefly at Lantana and Heli – cteres besides grass.
Fauna – Mammals : Bonnet macaque, Liontailed macaque, Nilgiri llangur, Lions, Tiger, Leopard, Jungle cat , Civet, Mongoose, Fox, bear, Elephant, Gaur, Nilgiri Tahr, Spotted Deer, Sambar, Barking deer, Wild boar, Pangolin etc. Reptiles , Fishes , Birds etc.
Administration : The Sanctuary is headed by a Divisional Forest Officer with headquarters at Thunacadavu and is under the direct control of the Field Director, Project Tiger. There are four ranges with 13 sections. The sanctuary is accessible by road, Buses ply between Pollachi and Parambikulam.Pollachi is 60 kms away and has a Railway Station.The nearest airport is at Coimbatore, 100 kms away .Visitors can have boat rides in the Parambikulam lake and tour the sanctuary with the help of guides.There is a forestrest houseat Thunacadavu. The Parambikulam Project also provides accommodation.There are several hotels in Pollachi and Coimbatore.
ARTS AND CULTURE.
Palakkad District has a glorious cultural tradition.It is saidthat Thunchathu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan, father of Malayalam Literature spent his last days in Chittur (Thunchathu Acharya Gurumadom) Kunchan Nambiar the founder of Thullal, the most popular Poet ofMalayalam had his birth in a small village called Killikurissimangalam (Lakkidi) in this district.Mani Madhava Chakkiar for Koothu and Vazhenkada Kunjhu Nair for Kathakali are two famous names to be remembered in this context.The district has become blessed with the birth of Sri. Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavather, the exponent of Carnatic Music and Sri. Palakkad Moni Iyyer the inimitable master of Mridangam.Sri. C.Sankaran Nair belongs to Mankara is also in this district.The great modern poet of Malayalam Literature Mahakavi Kumaranassan wrote his famous poetry “Veena Poovu” at Palakkad.The Life and growth of modern literary men M/s. P.Kunhiraman Nair, Olappamanna Subrahmanian Namboothirippad, M.T.Vasudevan Nair, O.V.Vijayan are intimately connected with Palakkad.
The eminent personalities of the district are late K.P.S.Menon and .K.P.Kesava Menon, Swadesabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai spent his life in exile at Vadakkenthara near Palakkad town. The Ex.Chief Election Commissioner Sri. T.N.Seshan is also belongs to Thirunellayi Village of Palakkad Town. The President of India HH K.R.Narayanan first entered in Parliament from Ottappalam Parliament Constituency of Palakkad District.The first Communist Chief Minister Sri. E.M. Sankaran Nampoothiripad belongs to Elamkulathu Mana in Palakkad District..Simillarlya number of Politicians are from this district gave their service to the nation.
FAIRS AND FESTIVALS
1. Kalpathy Cart Festival : It is celebrated at Kalpathy Viswanatha SwamiTemple, which is the oldest Temple in Malabar.It was built in A.D.1425 by H.H.Kombi Achan, the then Raja of Palakkad.The Retholsavam was celebrated during the last three days of Alpasi (Thulam)There are four chariots in this Grammoms.The centre of attraction of the festival is Kalpathy, Tamil Brahmin’s Village. (see the chapter Kalpathy Car Festival)
2. Chittur Konganpada : Konganpada is a grand festival of historical importance, celebrated in the Bhagavathy temple at Chittur, ten kilometres from PalakkadTown.It is held every year on the first Monday after the new moon night in Kumbhom (February-March), to commemorate the victory of Nairs of Chittur over the military of Konganadu (Coimbatore) led by the Chola King, Rajadhi Raja. The festival starts with “Chilambu” on Sivarathri in Kumbhom which reminds Kongan’s (Chola Kings) declaration of war and the frightened people worshipping Bhagavathy and beseaching her help
3. Jain Festival : There is an ancient Jain temple at Jainmedu, near Palakkad town.According to a legend, one sutar (head of the Jains) built this temple 500 years ago for the Jain sage.Chandranathaswamy.The Jains who came here from Mysore fled from this place during the invasion of Tippu Sulthan.
4. Nemmara Vallenghy Vela.(Nellikulangara Vela) : To invoke the blessings of Nellikulangara Bhagavathy, the people of Vallenghy and Nenmara conduct a festival on 20th Meenam (March-April) every year.This is the famous Nemmara Vallanghy Vela.This beautiful temple is in the Vallenghy Village of Chittur Taluk.The flag hoisting ceremony in connection with the vela is held jointly by the residents of Vallenghy and Nemmara on 9th Meenam.On all days following the flag hoisting till the eve of the vela,Kummatti, Karivela,Andivela and similar other folk rituals are performed.These three ceremonies together are known as Kanyar.The pomp and splendeour of the festival would put it in second place, perhaps only to the Pooram festival of Thrissur.
5. Ottappalam Nercha Festival : Juma prayers are held in Ottappalam mosque on Fridays.To commemorate the death anniversary of a saintly person by name Uthman Auliya, an annual festival is held in January-February.The special feature of this festival is the grand procession which ceremoniously brings various things such as rice, coconuts etc. to the mosque as offerings.On the next day, a feast is held where the various articles received will be cooked and distributed to the poor.
6. Sivarathri Festival at Kallekulangara : The festival is conducted for nine days and ends with an aratt of the Diety Hemambika in KalpathyRiver.The festival is celebrated in the Kallekulangara BhagavathyTemple,at Akathethara.
7. Manappulikavu Vela : The important festival of Manappullikavu at Yakkara is the annual Vela.
8. Aratt Festival in KachanamkurichyTemple : Kachanamkurichy temple is an important Vishnu temple. The Arrat festival here in the month of May attracts many people.
9. Navarathri festival in Pallavur Siva Temple : Amavasi Festival in Trippallur Siva Temple, Pooram festival in Kongad Bhagavathy temple and Retholsavam at Kodumba Subrahmanya Temple are some of the important festivals which attracts a large number of devotees.Mahamakom is also held in the Kodumbu temple once in twelve years.
KASARAGOD
The name, Kasaragod, is said to be derived from the word Kusirakood meaning Nuxvomica forests (Kanjirakuttom).It is with the intention of bestowing maximum attention on the development backward areas that Kasaragod district was formed on May 24, 1984. With the formation of the new district, comprising the erstwhile Kasaragod and Hosdurg taluks, it has become possible to develop this coastal area fruitfully.
BARE FACTS
District Kasaragod
Area (in sq.Km) 1,992
Population 1,203,342
Males 587,763
Females 615,579
Sex ratio : Females/1000 1042
Density of Population 604 sq.km.
Per Capita Income (in Rs) 16121
Literacy rate 85.17%; Male 90.84%; Female 79.80%
Coastal line in km. 70
Water bodied area in ha. 3,467
Forest area in ha. 5625
Assembly Constituencies
1. Manjeswaram
2. Kasaragod
3. Uduma
4. Hosdurg
5. ThrikkaripurRELIGION DATA 2001 CENSUS
Religion Persons Presentage Hindus 795234 58.5705
Muslims 413063 34.3053
Christians 84891 7.0503
Buddhists 42 0.0035
Jains 48 0.0040
Sikhs 85 0.0071
Others 65 0.0054
Religion not stated 650 0.0540
Taluks Head Quarters No. of Villages
Kasaragod Kasaragod 41
Hosdurg Hosdurg 34
WEATHER
Monthly rainfall (m.m)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rainfall 30.9 0.0 0.0 38.1 339.9 1056.5 675.4 553.0 74.2 306.3 28.1 49.8
Live stock Population (1996 Census)
Cattle Buffaloes Goats Sheeps Pigs
192866 9397 55602 88 4734
Major Agricultural Products
Products Area under cultivation (ha.) Production in tonne
Rice 7986 14905
Pepper 5742 998 Cardamom 515 998
Cashewnut 22992 11068
Tapioca 1185 24624
Coconut 55271 402 million
Arecanut 12092 22517
Rubber 21265 21669
(Source : Farm Guide 2000)
Local Self Government
District Panchayats 1
Block Panchayats 4
Grama Panchayats 37
Educational Institutions
Schools
Schools Govt. Private Aided Private Unaided Total
L P School 134 115 8 257
U P School 72 72 4 148
High School 74 33 8 115 Higher Secondary Schools 19 11 - 30
Vocational H.S.S. 13 3 - 16
Arts and Science Colleges
Government Private Unaided
3 2 Nil
Professional Colleges
Type of Institutions Number
Engineering college (Self financing) 1
B.Ed. Centre 1
Poly Technics 3
J.T.S. 2 I.T.I. 1
I.T.C. 1
T.T.I. 3
Health (Hospitals)
Allopathy Ayurveda Homeopathy
Hospitals (1999-2000) 60 5 3
Beds 739 100 75
Industries and Infrastructure
No. of registered working factories 311 No. of SSI Units 568
Roads (Distribution of P W D Roads (in kms) as on 01.04.2000
State Highways Major Districts Roads Other Districts Roads Village Roads Total
227.485 273.857 254.815 1437.180 21730.830
Vehicles registered and its classification
Goods Vehicles Buses Cars Taxis Jeeps Auto Rickshaw Two Wheelers Others Total
2781 719 6234 1259 3046 9566 18132 882 42619
Communication
No. of Post Offices No. of Telephone Exchanges
419 67 Communication (1999-2000)
No. of Post Offices No. of Telephone Exchanges
230 50
A BRIEF HISTORY
Lying on the north western coast of the State, Kasaragod was famous from time immemorial. Many Arab travellers, who came to Kerala between 9th and 14th centuries A.D., visited Kasaragod as it was then an important trade centre. They called this area Harkwillia. Mr. Barbose, the Portuguese traveller, who visited Kumbla near Kasaragod in 1514, had recorded that rice was exported to Male Island when coir was imported. Dr. Francs Buccanan, who was the family doctor of Lord Wellesly, visited Kasaragod in 1800. In his travelogue, he has included information on the political and communal set –up in places like Athipramba, Kavvia, Nileswar, Bekkal, Chandragiri and Manjeswar.
In 1763 Hyder Ali of Mysore conquered Bednoor and his intention was to capture entire Kerala. But when his attempt to conquer Thalassery for was foiled, Hyder Ali returned to Mysore and died there in 1782. His son, Tippu Sulthan, continued the attack and conquered Malabar. As per the Sreerangapattanam treaty of 1792, Tippu surrendered Malabar except Talunadu (Canara) to the British. The British got Canara only after the death of Tippu Sulthan in 1799.
Kasaragod was part of Bekkal taluk in the south Canara district of Bombay presidency. Kasaragod taluk came into being when Bekkal taluk was included in the Madras presidency on April 16, 1882. Though Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar moved a resolution in 1913 on the floor of Madras Governor’s Council demanding the merger of Kasaragod taluk with the Malabar district, it had to be withdrawn because of the stiff convention held at Kozhikkod, passed a resolution stressing the above demand. In the same year, an organisation titled Malayalee Seva Sangham was constituted. Thanks to the efforts made by many eminent persons like K.P.Kesava Menon, Kasaragod became part of Kerala following the reorganisation of states and formation of Kerala in November 1, 1956.TOPOGRAPHY
Kasaragod district between 11° 18' and 12° 48' north latitudes and between 74° 52' and 75° 26' east longitudes. The district is marked off from the adjoining areas outside the State by the Western Ghats which run parallel to the sea and constitute almost continuous mountain wall on the eastern side. The Ghats dominate the topography. The coastline is fringed with low cliffs alternating with stretches of sand. A few miles to the interior, the scene changes and the sand level rises towards the barrier of the Ghats and transforms into low red laterite hills interspersed with paddy fields and coconut gardens.
The district is bounded in the east by the Western Ghats, in the west by the Arabian Sea, in the north by the Canara district of Karnataka and in the south by the Kannur district.Based on physical features, the district can be divided into three natural divisions - the lowland bordering the sea, the midland consisting of the undulating country and the forest-clad highland on the extreme east.
CLIMATE
The diversity of the physical features results in a corresponding diversity of climate. In the plains, the climate is generally hot. Though the mean maximum temperature is only around 90° F, the heat is oppressive in the moisture laden atmosphere of the plains. Humidity is very high and rises to about 90 per cent during the southwest monsoon. The annual variation of temperature is small; the diurnal range is only about 10° F.
The southwest monsoon starts towards the end of May or the beginning of June, heralded by thunder-storms and holds till September when the rain fades out. October brings in the northeast monsoon. Dry weather sets in by the end of December, January and February are the coolest months of the year. March, April and May are generally very hot. The district has an average annual rainfall of 3500 mm.
FOREST
Kasaragod district has a forest area of 5625 sq. kms falling under the Wayanad Forest Division. Reserve forest stretches to 86.52 sq. kms. And vested forest, to 28.57 sq. kms. It stretches in two ranges- Kasaragod and Kanhangad. The forest produces are shegaibark, sheakoy, cardamom, canes, fibres, etc. Sambar, the fastest deer, is seen in some areas. Wild boars are a nuisance to the cultivators of hilly areas.
RIVERS
There are 12 rivers in this district. The longest is Chandragiri (105 kms.) originating from Pattimala in Coorg and embraces the sea at Thalangara. The river assumes its name Chandragiri from the name of the place of its source Chandragupta Vasti; where the great Maurya emperor Chandragupta, is believed to have spent his last days as a sage. The second longest river is Kariankod (64 kms.), across which a dam is being built at Kakkadavu. Shiriya (61 kms.), Uppala (50 kms.), Mogral (34 kms), Chitari (25 kms), Nileswar (47 kms), Kavayi (23 kms), Manjeswar (16 kms), Kumbala (11 kms), Bekkal (11 kms) and Kalanad (8 kms) are the other rivers. These rivers provide ample irrigation facilities.
POPULATION
Kasaragod district has a population estimated at 1203342 as per 2001 Census. The male population is reckoned at 5,87,763 and the female, at 6,15,579. The density of population per sq. km. is at 604 and the per capita income in the district is around Rs.3,702 which is rated sixth in the state.
For the purpose of revenue administration, Kasaragod district is divided into two taluks, five firkas and 75 villages. The collectorate functions at the civil station, at Vidhya Nagar, Chengala panchayat, five kms. from Kasaragod town. Kasaragod Revenue Division is the only revenue division in the district. The Revenue Divisional Office is at Kanhangad.
AGRICULTURE
Agriculture forms the mainstay of the population of the district. The soil in the three natural divisions generally fall under three types. In the highland region it is laterite. In the midland, the soil is a red ferruginous loam of lateritic origin with an admixture of clay and sand. The coastal strip is sandy.
Diversity of crops and heterogeneity in cultivation are the key notes of agriculture here.The eastern tract comprises of forests and hilly areas. The forests comprise of a variety of timber with teak and other plantations. The hilly areas are mostly cleared and put to private cultivation; the important crops being rubber, cashew and ginger. In the skeletal plateau areas, cashew trees are cultivated, while in some patches, arecanut, pepper and cocoa are grown. In the coastal tract, paddy, coconut, arecanut, cashew, tobacco, vegetables and tapioca are cultivated.
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